According to the report, a tularemia-based bioweapon would trigger cases of pneumonia, pleuritis, and lymph node disease within three to five days after exposure. Unless treated with effective antibiotics, the disease could lead to serious illness including possible respiratory failure, shock, or death.

"Diagnostic testing capabilities are available for tularemia, but they are not widely available. Effective antibiotic treatment regimens also exist for tularemia, but they are not the antibiotics clinicians would likely prescribe for routine treatment of pneumonia. Given the rarity of tularemia and the non-specific features of the disease, clinicians are not likely to order the needed diagnostic test, nor begin the proper antibiotics until some time into an epidemic," explains Dr. Dennis.

Tularemia is caused by exposure to Francisella tularensis bacteria, which affect both animals and people. It is sometimes called "rabbit fever" because it often infects hunters and trappers who are exposed to contaminated animals or meat. It can also be spread to humans by tick or insect bites, inhaling infected dust, or eating or drinking contaminated materials, but it not spread from person to person.

Rabbits, voles, squirrels, and other small animals are natural hosts for the disease. Tularemia occurs rarely in the United States. Last summer, an outbreak of tularemia pneumonia occurred in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Cases of the disease were associated with infected dust from lawn mowing and other landscaping activities, which presumably stirred up contaminated dust. Outbreaks commonly occur in Europe and Russia.

"One of the priorities that emerges from this analysis includes the need to develop simple, widely-available, rapid diagnostic tests that could be used to identify persons infected with F. tularensis. We also need a better understanding of how effective new classes of antibiotics would be in treating this old scourge of tularemia," says Thomas Inglesby, MD, one of the report's authors and a researcher with the Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.

In addition, the Hopkins Working Group report recommends the development of testing that can rapidly identify the antibiotic susceptibility of tularemia strains, allowing public health officials to make the most effective and timely interventions. The possibility that genetically induced antibiotic-resistant strains could be used as weapons has made this even more important, not only for tularemia, but for other potential weapons as well.

A tularemia vaccine is not currently available for general use, and it is only recommended for laboratory workers who are routine exposed to the disease. The Hopkins Working Group encourages the development of new DNA-based or antibody-based vaccines that could provide fast acting protection from tularemia both before and after exposure.

Over the past two years, the Working Group for Civilian Biodefense has published recommendations in JAMA for responding to potential terrorist use of smallpox, anthrax, plague, and botulism bioweapons. Further reports are anticipated. Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.

The study was funded by the Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Note: This article on tularemia and biodefense has been adapted from a news release issued by Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School Of Public Health for journalists and other members of the public. If you wish to quote from any part of this story on tularemia and biodefense, please credit Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School Of Public Health as the original source. This story was taken from Science Daily, www.sciencedaily.com.

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